What are Germ Cell Tumours?
Germ cell tumours develop from the cells that normally form sperm or eggs. These cells can be found in the ovaries and testes, but they can also settle in other areas of the body during early development. Because of this, germ cell tumours can occur in the pelvis, lower spine, chest, abdomen or, more rarely, the brain.
Some germ cell tumours are benign (non-cancerous), while others are malignant (cancerous). Malignant germ cell tumours usually respond very well to treatment.
Signs & Symptoms
Symptoms depend on where the tumour forms and may include:
- a lump or swelling in the testicle or ovary
- tummy pain or swelling
- difficulty passing urine or stool (if the tumour presses on nearby structures)
- chest pain or breathing changes (if in the chest)
- back pain or leg weakness (if near the spine)
- tiredness, poor appetite or weight changes
These symptoms are also common in many non-cancer conditions and do not necessarily mean cancer.
How is it Diagnosed?
If a germ cell tumour is suspected, your child will be referred to a specialist centre. Tests may include:
- ultrasound, MRI or CT scans – to locate the tumour and assess its size
- blood tests – including tumour markers such as AFP and β-hCG
- biopsy – to confirm the diagnosis and identify the tumour type
- chest imaging – to check for spread to the lungs
- bone marrow tests – occasionally needed
These results help determine the best treatment plan.
Treatment
Treatment depends on whether the tumour is benign or malignant, its size, location and whether it has spread.
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Surgery
Surgery is often used to remove germ cell tumours, particularly when they are localised. Benign tumours may be cured with surgery alone. -
Chemotherapy
Malignant germ cell tumours usually respond extremely well to chemotherapy. It is given in cycles through a central line. -
Radiotherapy
Used less often, but may be recommended for certain rare types, particularly in the brain. -
Fertility Considerations
As some tumours involve the ovaries or testes, the team may discuss future fertility and hormone function, depending on the treatment plan. -
Clinical Trials
Some children may be offered newer or targeted treatments through clinical trials.
Supportive Care
Your child may receive:
- anti-sickness medicines and pain relief
- antibiotics or antifungals
- physiotherapy if mobility is affected
- nutritional support
- emotional and psychological support
- help with school and daily activities
Supportive care helps children stay comfortable and well throughout treatment.
Monitoring Response
Blood tests to monitor tumour markers, scans and clinical assessments are used throughout treatment to track how well the tumour is responding and guide next steps.
Outlook & Support
Most children and teenagers with germ cell tumours respond very well to treatment, with high long-term survival rates. Even when the cancer is more advanced, modern treatments are often very effective.
During treatment your child will be cared for by a specialist children’s cancer team. Help is available with managing side effects, school, emotional wellbeing and practical concerns.
Lennox Children’s Cancer Fund will support your whole family from diagnosis, through treatment and beyond.
Key Facts
- Common Age: Can occur at any age; peaks in early childhood and teenage years
- Survival: Often 80–90% or higher, depending on type and location
- How common? Rare, accounting for a small percentage of childhood cancers
